CALENDAR

The Inca calendar was based on the changes of the seasons and the movements of the stars.

The emperor Pachacuti did build some towers in the hills surrounding Cuzco for people, noting the height of the sun between the towers, knew it was the right time to sow his crop.

For the year began with farmers sowing, but according to the official calendar, the year began on December 21, the day which was celebrated one of the biggest festivals dedicated to the sun

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

AGRICULTURE allow the alliance between small property and state. The Territory was divided into three parts: one for the sun, one for the INCA and other for the people. In the first and second, the product was devoted to sustainable worship and priests, and the third was the AYLLU which were the same family. each family had its own territory. For each son was increased an amount and for each daughter was increased by half.

HUNTING AND FISHING.
Their weapons were the deep, and La Macana boleadora. Armed with sticks and spears thousands of hunters formed a huge circle that went closer to pick up all the animals in a plain; males killed there, they profited hides and meat was cut into very thin slices. They hunted vicunas.
Fishing was practiced on the coasts and in Lake Titicaca, on rafts that were used since a long time ago in that region and which was called "horses".
Domestication of animals: the Incas raised llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs, dogs and ducks.
The flame was animal cargo and gave them apart from meat and wool.

INDUSTRY. The textiles, metal and pottery were the main industrial arts of the Incas

TRADE. The Incas did not form a village commercial, or knew what it was money. For changes to products with neighboring countries fairs were held in the confines of the rule

amazing skill - INCA CIVILIZATION

ONE OF THE MOST DEVELOPED PRECOLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS WAS THE INCA EMPIRE; STRETCHING THROUGH THE HIGHLANDS OF ANDES, IN TODAY´S,ECUADOR,PERU,COLOMBIA,ETC...THE INCA CIVILIZATION WAS OUTSTANDING BECAUSE OF ITS COLOSSAL ARCHIQUECTURE, ITS CITIES WITH PAVED AND REGULAR STREETS, TEMPLES,AGRICULTURAL TERRACES,AND SO ON.

JUST RECENTLY, ANOTHER AMAZING SKILL OF THE INCAS HAS BEEN REVEALED: THEY SUCCESSFULLY PERFORMED TREPANATIONS, SURGERIES AIMED AT REMOVING SMALL PARTS OF THE PATIENT´S SKULL TO TREAT HEAD INJURIES.

TREPANATION SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN USED TO TREAT HEAD INJURIES EXPRERIENCED BY MEN DURING COMBAT. TODAY, THIS SURGERY IS EMPLOYED TO RELIEVE PRESSURE, INDUCED BY FLUID BULDUP CAUSED BY SEVERE HEAD TRAUMA.

THE NEW FINDINGS SHOWS THAT INCAS SURGEONS HAD DEVELOPED A DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF CRONIAL ANATOMY. INCA HEALERS CARFULLY AVOIDED AREAS OF THE SKULL WHERE CUTTING WOULD BE MORE LIKELY TO CAUSE BRAIN INJURY, BLEEDING, OR INFECTIONS.

THE OPERATION WERE CONDUCTED WITHOUT THE MODERN BENEFITS OF ANESTHESIA AND ANTIBIOTICS, BUT MEDICINAL PLANTS WERE PROBABLY USED. THEY WERE AWARE OF MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF MANY WILD PLANTS INCLUDING COCA AND WILD TABACO. SOMETIMES, THE PATIENT DIED FOR OVERDOSE OF IT. SO IT´S KIND TRAGIC AND CRUEL, IN CASE THE PATIENT DIED DURING THE TRAPANATION SURGERY, THEY REMOVED RECTANGULAR PIECE OF BANE WAS PUT BACK IN ITS PLACE BEFORE THE BODY WAS BURIED. "IT´S ASTANDING THAT (SUCH A LARGE PORCENTAGE) OF THE POPULATION UNDERWENT SKULL SURGERY AND THAT NOT SO MANY SURVIVED"

INCAS CIVILIZATION IS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF OUR GROWTH AS A HUMANITY SOCIETY.natali

FOOD PRESERVATION

Incan civilization contributions were a lot, but one of these was the way of the preservation of food, the weather obstructed that preservation so they needed to invent a way to make their food go on for more time, this civilization couldn’t live without provision, it was vital for the stability of society. The way they preserved food was drying or dehydrating the products. They dried meat exposing it to the sun, they used to dehydrate birds and frogs. They dried Shrimps with rocks and hot sand and its name was anuka. Salty and dry fish was an important source of people who lived in cost, and it served for “trueque”, the trade system. They dehydrated other sea products, they used the “machas” they were used in soups preparation.
A big contribution of incas in terms of gastronomy was the “cochayuyo” or aquatic herb, they used to eat seaweeds. At present the cochayuyo its eaten with “ceviche” and piquant.
They used to dehydrate tubercles too, they were dried at sun and they get sweet so they were called cahui. The most difficult tubercle of dehydrating was potato.
by MARCELA

Sport Activities

Currently we had a lot of question which maybe the history books don't mention, here we will talk a bout the sport activities of the Incas. It is well known that the physical condition were so much important for the south Americans ancient civilizations because the family and work depends on it. But who of us know what was the lifestyle or which were the habits, however, the sports and the culture were engaged more than anyone could think, there were two activities which are so different but have a similar objective.

One of the most obvious similarities is the function the sport activities had in the society, the first one was a kind of athletic mail, where the Incas travel long distances in order to take to other towns messages of the monarchy; and the second one was a type of wrestling, their objective was based in get a high level in the political structure, and both of them were done so that somebody was the next ruler of the town. The second and the last one similarity was the people who belongs to those rituals, all of the were young Incas because in the moment they get the required age they have to applied to the rules of the gods.

In the other hand we have the differences between the sport rituals inside the Inca society, first of all the mailing the young people made was made in order to supply a necessity of communication, whereas, the wrestling was developed to get a political status which only the force gives to one of the fighters. Nevertheless, the activities also have a difference in the place they were practiced, the mailing were between rivers and valleys and the wrestling was a very concurred activity where all people were attending to a god law.

All in all, the incas had a big conscience of what they had to do and why, that's what makes the really difference with the current age, both of those sport activities were so recognized and very important for the Inca people, although the have an objective, a place and an audience totally different.

Nicolás Santamaría

CULTURE

Incan culture is composed by different beliefs, they believed in different gods and in the existence of three worlds: the upper world, the middle world and the lower world. Their first divinity was Inti (sun). Although they believed in different gods, there was a lot of tolerance, even though their laws were to praise Inti.

Their principal festivity was Inti Raymi , in quechua language means “sun’s party”. This ancient religious ceremony was made every winter (solsticio) for the Andean region.
This celebration one of the for most important celebrations of Cusco. Its duration was of 9 days, in those days Incas made sacrifices and dances. It was forbidden by conquerors because it was considered against the catholic traditions.
Incas constructed buildings in wich they made sure their lands. Their most important constructions were temples, it were destined for praising gods.
by marcela

Heroes

Inca civilizations had two principal heroes: Manco Inca and Titu Cusi; they were governants, that even though had opportunity good relationship with new Spanish conquerors. However the last one wanted enslave Inca citizens. Between these leaders there were some similarities and differences.

Both governants had some differences, first of all, Manco was leader and he didn`t want their people were hurt, so in this way get this benefit, he wanted negotiate with Spanish conquerors; in contrast Titu was appoint by Spanish leaders for Inca civilization. Another difference between both Manco and Titu Cusi were their death, because Manco was killed, while Titu was dead for a long sickness.

Between both heroes there were some similarities, as they wanted to get out Spanish conquerors of their lands, like cuzci. Beside to lead their armies; despite this foreigner beat Incas army in both wars.

In conclusion, both heroes wanted peace for their people, but always Spanish conquerors in battle are better and this enslave Inca citizens.

By: Diana Parraga.

Inti and MamaQuila

In the ancient civilizations of the incas there are a lto of stories we recognize, mostly significants for history such as their organization, their families , and their society rolls, but here there will be a comparing between two different gods from the incas civilization, Inti and Mamaquila. Although theese rwo gods have diferent purposes , both of them belongs to the heaven . inca mitology have specific interests in these gods because they have the most important roll in the society belief after Viraconcha, the world creator.

first of all, inti and mamaquila were serves of viraconcha, mamaquila were sister, and wife of inti, and she was the mother of firmament . inti, in the same way , were the god of the sun, for this reason they share the same space, besides inti was the most popular god in the incan civilization. peolpe in this age ofer to theese main gods, silver, gold and livestock.

however, there are soem conspicuous differences. first of them is that almost all people of the inca civilization adore inti, but the moche people (next town) considered mamaquila like the most relevant gos to aodre. in second place, inti was a plaque made of gold and it was represented in many monasteries, otherwise, mamaquila only was a statue of silver beside inti, ande there was just one of them in whole region, finally, whilst inti was adored by entire town , mamaquila speccially was adores by women, wich give to their fears.

in summary , inti and mamaquila had an special rool in the inca's lifes, these two gods saved every person in the society, in fact they had the same range in the inca celestial court, they are married and both took care of the firmament and land of the per'u old town.
nicolas Santamaria

ATAHUALPA AND MANCO CAPAC

The inca empire was the best moment of the inca civilizatioin, this empire get a high level of organization. it was the biggest expansion empire of america. incas believed in many gods. as an acncient civilization, there are a lot of legends that talk about the origin of the earth, the origin of this civilization, the emperors and their heros. in this writing will be the comparison between Manco Capac and Atahualpa, two ican heros.

Both were emperors, Manco Capac was the first one, and Atahualpa was emperor number thirteen, Manco Capac fighted in Cuzco, like Atahualpa. they had their armies in that legendary city. these two emperors fighted against the spanish conquerors . they dont only were against the spanish, some of the other groups wich made part of inca civilization were against those governors beacuse they were too authoritarian.

Even though they have simmiliraties there are some outstanding differences, Manco Capac was born in tambutoco, on the contrary, Atahualpa was born in Quito, but there are some writers that say he was born in Cuzco. when they died they were converted in mommies for memmory, Manco Capac was the founder of Cuzco, on the contrary Atahualpa was just an emperor . After the death of Manco Capac , the incas made a statue in his honor, in contrast , the body of Atahualpa disappeared.

These are some of the heros of thhis civilization, they are remembered by their adventures and heroics acts. they belongs to a big culture that makes their identity.

BY Marcela.

MARRIAGE

In Inca society was expected that everyone got married with the exception of the Virgins of the Sun. The headman, one man, selected the couples to be married. Normally were from the same community and the same social class. It was not good to marry strangers because it was very important to maintain the purity of the breed, especially at the highest social levels.

The marriage was part of the traditional customs. Normally men had 25 years and women 18 years. It was also important that they were in the same physical condition.

There was not much choices of people to get married. It was more an economic union than union of love. They had so many things to worry about making in the community that there was no time to think about compatibility. Sometimes for good luck couples found love, but it was not common. His job was to have more children to be able to have more hands to work with crops and tissues.

All marriages were celebrated together. Several times in the year all couples met to get married and had a celebration full of rituals. One very important change was to strip the quipus. They put th strips which indicated that the couple was married. This was very important because it was the way to maintain records of everyone in society. They also add more strips when a new child born.

A house and a new land was given to the new couple. So, they could think about start a new family to work in the production of crops and tissues.diana

The Incas’ Family

In the Inca community, the family was not an independent nucleus, but an integral part. There was a man responsible for ten families. He had to regulate the distribution of land and the production of food for all families. Above him there was another man in charge of a hundred families who had to report. He also had to calculate how much food was given to the gods as a form of taxes and sacrifices.

There was a division of work between men and women. The men were working hard to move the land to enable women to sow the seeds for the crops. The children pull up the weed and scare small animals and birds that tried to eat the seeds.

The interdependence between the neighbors was something very important. Normally the ten families from which a man was in charged lived together and were usually part of the same family, always helping with food and crops.

The society was very hierarchical with many levels within levels. It was very difficult to leave a low level to a higher because it was defined at birth.

A complete education was very important in society, not only in the language, history and religion, but also physically. There was much emphasis on martial arts and the correct and accurate use of weapons. Therefore armies were very powerful, because everyone knew how to fight and defend well.

The moral norm of the Inca was: -- Do not be thief -- Do not be liar -- Do not be idle
the idea was to have a collective responsibility and obedience. So it was very important that everyone help and think in the entire community and not just themselves, working together for everyone. Individuality was not a good sight.

The basic social unit was the family. Normally in the community lived three generations: children, parents and grandparents all of them worked together to produce food, build houses and tissues. They lived near each other and the lands to cultivate were also together in order to help easier.

The head of the house was the married man. He was in charge of the production of food, crops, clothing and textiles. He was, in a lower level, as the man in charge of ten families inasmuch as their responsibilities, but only for his family. He Also distributed other needs like food and clothing to the others. A ration of food and clothing were given to the children, they thought it would help them to learn responsibility.

When a couple got married, they did not have to pay taxes for a year, while saving to start their own family with their own children. It was a way to secure that they could established and do not carry with many jobs later. Grandparents pay less tax when they were older because it was believed that they were already weak and could not produce as much as before, and also they had given much to the community while they were young and strong.

The family was a very important production unit.natali

RITUALS

The Incas were probably one of the most religious cultures in history. Nearly every single aspect of their lives involved the worship of some sort of idol. They worshipped through prayers, dances and sacrifices. Sacrifices were the most important form of worship.

The Incas sacrificed a wide variety of things, ranging from objects they created, to crops they grew, to livestock, to their own children. They type of sacrifice they made depended on the importance of the god they gift was for and the seriousness of the situation they were involved in. human sacrifice was only done for very especial occasions and in crisis situation.

Their sacrifice were very specific had to be followed exactly to change the order of a ceremony would mean that the gods would not be pleased and would bring more problems. At a ceremony there would be much drinking and dancing that were part of the ritual. Sacrifice would be accompanied by prayers as well. Like the sacrifice, prayers had to be recited in a specific manor; there were many prayers for many situations.

All these sacrifices and prayers were offered to the most important things in the Inca culture, their deities. Incas were incredibly idolatrous; they idolized a wide variety of things, from dirt to the sun. The Incas did have a hierarchy of gods, the top being viracocha, or some times called pachaya or “creator of the world”. He created the light and the dark, the earth and the see.

It was an amazing religious culture.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

incas lived in the coast, the mountains, formed by ridges, valleys and plateaus of the Andes, in Perú.These areas are conducive to the cultivation of maize, potatoes, coca, and quinoa.
The land near the coast are a dry desert. In the north, the plants bloom only for a short period of time. However, crossing the desert, many small rivers that spring from the Andes crossing the fertile valleys.